Anna Jarvis founded Mother’s Day to honor her beloved mother, then spent the rest of her life fighting the holiday’s commercial and political exploitation. She died alone in an asylum.
Her story — and the modern-day story of Mother’s Day — began, of course, with her own mother. Here’s how it all got started, according to “Memorializing Motherhood: Anna Jarvis and the Struggle for Control of Mother’s Day,” by Katharine Lane Antolini.
1858: In the beginning
In 1858, Ann Reeves Jarvis (Anna Jarvis’ mother) organizes “Mothers’ Day Work Clubs” to improve sanitary conditions and stem the appalling infant mortality rates in her community. In her lifetime, Jarvis has 13 children; she sees only four of them live to adulthood.
1868: Foes unite
In the wake of the Civil War, Ann Reeves Jarvis coordinates a “Mothers’ Friendship Day” in West Virginia to bring former foes on the battlefield together again. The initially tense day goes well, with veterans from the North and South weeping and shaking hands for the first time in years.
1870: Sacred right
Julia Ward Howe, a mother and another forerunner of modern-day Mother’s Day celebrations, suggests a “Mothers’ Peace Day.” She makes the case that war is a preventable evil and mothers have a “sacred right” to protect the lives of their boys.
1873: Howe’s holiday
The inaugural celebration of Howe’s “Mothers’ Day” takes place in June of this year.
1905: Jarvis dies
Ann Reeves Jarvis dies on the second Sunday in May.
1907: Enter Anna
One of Jarvis’ surviving daughters, Anna Jarvis, organizes a small service in honor of her deceased mother on the second Sunday in May at the Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church in Grafton, West Virginia.
1908: This Holiday Sticks
The first formal “Mother’s Day” commemoration is marked with another service on the second Sunday in May at the same church in Grafton, and with a much larger ceremony in Philadelphia. Jarvis has white carnations distributed to the mothers, sons and daughters in attendance in Grafton.
1910: It’s official in West Virginia
The governor of West Virginia makes Anna Jarvis’ Mother’s Day an official holiday on the second Sunday in May.
1912: Vision for Mother’s Day
While waging a relentless letter-writing campaign to drum up support for Mother’s Day, Anna Jarvis creates the Mother’s Day International Association and trademarks the phrases “second Sunday in May” and “Mother’s Day.”
“She wanted Mother’s Day to be a very private acknowledgment of all the mother does for the family,” said Katharine Antolini, a history professor at West Virginia Wesleyan College. “It was very sweet.”
1914: Official national holiday
President Woodrow Wilson makes Mother’s Day an official national holiday. Jarvis is gratified by her preferred placement of the apostrophe in “Mother’s Day” — making it singular possessive, not plural possessive, so each family would honor its one and only mother.
1915: Movement spreads
Mother’s Day becomes an official holiday in Canada.
1915: Changing tide
Shortly after the official launch of Mother’s Day, Jarvis begins to sense she’s created a monster when she sees the florist, card and candy industries cashing in on Mother’s Day and public interest groups using the holiday to make political statements. She rails against exploitation of what was supposed to be a special, reverential day for families.
1922: Battle with Florist industry
Jarvis endorses open boycotts against florists who raise the prices of white carnations in May.
1923: Threats of litigation
Jarvis threatens to sue the New York Mother’s Day Committee, of which New York Gov. Al Smith and Mayor John Hylan are members, over plans for a large Mother’s Day celebration. The event is canceled.
1925: Disorderly conduct
Jarvis crashes a Philadelphia convention of the American War Mothers, a group that had its own Mother’s Day commemoration and began using a white carnation as its emblem. The American War Mothers push for Jarvis’ arrest, but charges of disorderly conduct are dismissed.
1934: Commemorative stamp
Jarvis is slighted when the American War Mothers successfully lobby President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Postmaster General James A. Farley to unveil a Mother’s Day stamp. The stamp features a portrait of painter James McNeill Whistler’s mother with white carnations and the words, “In memory and in honor of the Mothers of America.”
1935: Taking on the First Lady
Anna Jarvis accuses first lady Eleanor Roosevelt of “crafty plotting” by using Mother’s Day in fundraising material for charities trying to combat high maternal and infant mortality rates.
1940: Increasingly reclusive
Sensing that she can’t contain her creation, Jarvis threatens to end it during the 1940s. “She told me, with terrible bitterness, that she was sorry she had ever started Mother’s Day,” said one journalist who allegedly pretended to be a deliveryman so he could meet the increasingly reclusive Jarvis.
1944: Asylum bound
Jarvis, now 80, is placed in a mental asylum called the Marshall Square Sanitarium.
1948: Jarvis dies at 84
Jarvis dies at age 84, alone and penniless from the various legal battles she waged over the holiday she started. She never made any profit from Mother’s Day, and she never had any children.
Source: “Memorializing Motherhood: Anna Jarvis and the Struggle for Control of Mother’s Day,” a dissertation by Katharine Lane Antolini
This story was originally published on TODAY.com on May 13, 2017.
It’s Mother’s Day this weekend – a time to honor the devotion and sacrifice of all the moms out there. We sent NBC Chicago’s Vi Nguyen and Photojournalist Greg Sanchez to find out what this day means to moms – in their own words.
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